urmjУральский медицинский журналUral Medical Journal2949-4389Ural State Medical University10.52420/2071-5943-2022-21-3-114-128urmj-1010Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWSЭпидемиологическая характеристика норовирусной инфекцииEpidemiological portrait of noroviral infectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0268-8887КосоваА. А.KosovaA. A.

Анна Александровна Косова – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент

Екатеринбург

Anna A. Kosova – MD, Ph.D. Associate Professor

Ekaterinburg

kosova_anna2003@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5823-5257ЧалапаВ. И.ChalapaV. I.

Владислав Игоревич Чалапа – аспирант

Екатеринбург

Vladislav I. Chalapa – postgraduate student

Ekaterinburg

neekewa@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-6543ИтаниТ. М.ItaniT. M.

Тарек Мохамедович Итани – кандидат биологических наук

Екатеринбург

Tarek M. Itani – Ph.D. in biology

Ekaterinburg

itani_tm@eniivi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-8219СеменовА. В.SemenovA. V.

Александр Владимирович Семенов – доктор биологических наук

Екатеринбург

Alexander V. Semenov – Ph.D., Doctor of biology

Ekaterinburg

semenov_av@eniivi.ru.ruФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияUral State Medical UniversityRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ЕНИИВИ ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» РоспотребнадзораРоссияUral State Medical University; State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»Russian FederationЕНИИВИ ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» РоспотребнадзораРоссияState Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»Russian Federation202207072022213114128Copyright © Косова А.А., Чалапа В.И., Итани Т.М., Семенов А.В., 20222022Косова А.А., Чалапа В.И., Итани Т.М., Семенов А.В.Kosova A.A., Chalapa V.I., Itani T.M., Semenov A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.umjusmu.ru/jour/article/view/1010

Введение. Норовирусы являются распространенной причиной гастроэнтерита и представляют угрозу для общественного здоровья, вызывая вспышки в медицинских организациях и организованных коллективах. Цель работы – систематизировать текущие данные об эпидемиологии норовирусной инфекции (НВИ) и биологических свойствах норовирусов в данном контексте. Материалы и методы. Проведен поиск научных статей по ключевому слову «norovirus» в базе данных Pubmed и по ключевому слову «норовирус» в базе данных РИНЦ. Из поисковой выдачи для обобщения извлечено 338 публикаций. Результаты и обсуждение. Норовирусы человека характеризуются генетическим разнообразием и быстро эволюционируют, ускользая от иммунного ответа. В сочетании с высокой контагиозностью и сложностями в культивировании норовирусов это обстоятельство затрудняет создание эффективной вакцины и усиливает важность интенсивной разработки мер неспецифической профилактики и совершенствования системы эпидемиологического надзора, что, помимо прочего, является экономически эффективным, способствуя рациональному использованию ресурсов здравоохранения. Меры неспецифической профилактики НВИ сводятся к обеспечению населения доброкачественными питьевой водой и пищевыми продуктами (в т. ч. за счет совершенствования технологий их деконтаминации), продвижению навыков личной гигиены, своевременной диагностике заболевания и изоляции заболевших из организованных коллективов. Современные методы включают организацию дозорного надзора за НВИ, мониторинг циркуляции возбудителей, внедрение технологий моделирования и прогнозирования заболеваемости. Целесообразно дальнейшее проведение прикладных эпидемиологических исследований для изучения различных противоэпидемических мер и оценки их медико-экономической эффективности, поскольку некоторые из них (включая применение кожных антисептиков) демонстрируют противоречивые результаты. Заключение. НВИ является актуальной инфекционной патологией, методы эпидемиологического надзора за которой нуждаются в дальнейшем совершенствовании в направлении повышения чувствительности и точности. Требуются дополнительные исследования эпидемиологической и экономической эффективности существующих мер профилактики: обеспечение микробиологической безопасности воды и пищевых продуктов, своевременное разобщение больных и здоровых, гигиена и антисептика рук.

Introduction. Noroviruses are a common cause of acute gastroenteritis with significant public health burden, including outbreaks in health facilities, closed and semi-closed settings. This study aims to present a global overview and trends in noroviral epidemiology and highlights the important biological properties of norovirus. Materials and methods. The bibliographic databases (PubMed and Russian Science Citation Index) were searched based on the keyword “norovirus” (in English and Russian languages respectively) without restrictions and 338 papers were retrieved. Results and Discussion. Human noroviruses are highly genetically diverse and evolve rapidly, evading the host's immune response. In addition to being highly contagious, the lack of a robust cell culture system complicates vaccine development for noroviral infection prevention. This highlights the importance of surveillance and infection control measures, for efficient use of available healthcare resources for maximizing health benefits. Common preventive measures include providing the public with safe water and food (i.e. decontamination), improvement of hand hygiene, early detection, and isolation of infected individuals. Current surveillance techniques include sentinel surveillance, molecular surveillance, disease modeling, and prediction. Further investigations in the field of norovirus prevention and control and its economics are needed, since some studies demonstrate inconsistent results (i.e. effectiveness of hand sanitizers). Conclusion. Noroviral infections represent a significant public health burden and current surveillance techniques require further improvement in terms of sensitivity and accuracy. There is a need to push research in the field of prevention and control measures (safety of water and food supply, early isolation of infected patients, sufficient hand hygiene) and their effectiveness.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.