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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">urmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Уральский медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ural Medical Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-4389</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ural State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52420/umj.24.5.41</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">MHUUJT</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">urmj-1970</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи | Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Судебно-гинекологическая экспертиза в Свердловске в период Великой Отечественной войны (1941–1944 гг.): медицинские, правовые и социальные аспекты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Forensic Gynecological Examination in Sverdlovsk During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1944): Medical, Legal, and Social Aspects</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-0437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пермякова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Permyakova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пермякова Надежда Викторовна — ассистент кафедры патологической анатомии и судебной медицины, институт клинической медицины.</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda V. Permyakova — Assistant of the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ural State Medical University.</p><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">permyakova-nv@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3709-1546</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгова</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgova</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Долгова Оксана Борисовна — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой патологической анатомии и судебной медицины, институт клинической медицины.</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana B. Dolgova — Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ural State Medical University.</p><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">obdolgova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><elocation-id>41–49</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пермякова Н.В., Долгова О.Б., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пермякова Н.В., Долгова О.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Permyakova N.V., Dolgova O.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.umjusmu.ru/jour/article/view/1970">https://www.umjusmu.ru/jour/article/view/1970</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Экспертиза живых лиц в случаях преступлений против половой неприкосновенности занимает важное место в судебно-медицинской практике. В 1930–1940 гг. производство судебно-гинекологических экспертиз регламентировалось нормативными актами, а уголовное законодательство СССР предусматривало строгие наказания за половые преступления, особенно в отношении несовершеннолетних.</p><p>Цель — изучение истории производства судебно-гинекологических экспертиз в Свердловске в 1941–1944 гг.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследовании использованы неопубликованные результаты экспертиз и доклады из архива кафедры судебной медицины Свердловского государственного медицинского института 1941–1944 гг. Применялись сравнительно-исторический и хронологический анализ, принцип объективности.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В период 1941–1944 гг. проведено 205 судебно-гинекологических экспертиз. До 1944 г. осмотров подозреваемых не проводилось. Наименьшее количество обращений зарегистрировано в 1943 г., преступления совершались в большинстве случаев подростками, пострадавшие преимущественно малолетние девочки и девушки 14–18-летнего возраста. Снижение количества освидетельствований отмечено со второй половины 1941 г. и до 1944 г., а затем наблюдалось резкое увеличение преступлений группового характера. Установлено малоинформативное описание повреждений у пострадавших, не позволяющее сделать точный вывод о давности и особенностях механизма травмы, констатировался исключительно факт наличия повреждения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Установлена высокая доля преступлений против половой неприкосновенности личности с участием подростков и малолетних в качестве потерпевших. Рост групповых половых преступлений в 1944 г. связан с военными условиями — эвакуацией из предвоенных территорий, перенаселенность, отсутствие надзора. Культурно-воспитательная работа с 1944–1945 гг. в школах, на заводах и училищах, а также ужесточение наказаний способствовали снижению указанного вида преступности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Forensic examinations of living persons in cases of sexual violence hold significant importance in forensic medical practice. During the 1930s–1940s, forensic gynecological examinations were governed by regulations, while Soviet criminal law prescribed severe punishments for sexual crimes, particularly those involving minors.</p><p>Objective is to examine the history of forensic gynecological examinations in Sverdlovsk during 1941–1944.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study utilized unpublished forensic medical reports and archival documents from the Department of Forensic Medicine at Sverdlovsk State Medical Institute (1941–1944). Historical analysis methods were employed, including comparative-historical, chronological approaches and the principle of objectivity.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. From 1941–1944, 205 forensic gynecological examinations were performed (15.65 % of total forensic outpatient visits). No suspect examinations were conducted before 1944. The lowest number of cases occurred in 1943, with most crimes committed by adolescents against underage girls and young women aged 14–18. Examination numbers declined from late 1941 through 1944, followed by a sharp increase in group offenses. Injury documentation was often insufficient, permitting only confirmation of trauma without precise determination of timing or mechanism.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. A high proportion of sexual crimes involved adolescent perpetrators and underage victims. The 1944 surge in group offenses reflected wartime conditions: evacuation, overcrowding, and inadequate supervision. Educational initiatives in schools, factories, and vocational institutions (1944–1945), combined with stricter penalties, contributed to reducing such crimes.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>история судебной медицины</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская гинекология</kwd><kwd>половая неприкосновенность</kwd><kwd>изнасилование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>history of forensic medicine</kwd><kwd>forensic gynecology</kwd><kwd>sexual integrity</kwd><kwd>rape</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nurgazinov BK, Baymukhametov EI. Improvement of standards related to countering criminal offenses against the sexual integrity of minors. The Bulletin of the Law Enforcement Academy. 2016;(1):110–114. (In Russ.). 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