urmjУральский медицинский журналUral Medical Journal2949-4389Ural State Medical University10.52420/umj.24.5.98ZNAVKRurmj-1974Research ArticleЛитературные обзоры | Literature reviewsLiterature reviewsИсторическая эволюция правового регулирования осмотра трупа на месте происшествияThe Historical Evolution of the Legal Regulation of the Examination of a Corpse at the Scenehttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-2314-1176ОстанинД. В.OstaninD. V.

Останин Дмитрий Валерьевич — ординатор кафедры патологической анатомии и судебной медицины, институт клинической медицины, УГМУ; судебно-медицинский эксперт, БСМЭ.

Екатеринбург

Dmitry V. Ostanin — Resident of the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ural State Medical University; Forensic Medical Expert, Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination.

Ekaterinburg

ostanindmitry@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3709-1546ДолговаО. Б.DolgovaO. B.

Долгова Оксана Борисовна — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой патологической анатомии и судебной медицины, институт клинической медицины, УГМУ; судебно-медицинский эксперт, БСМЭ.

Екатеринбург

Oksana B. Dolgova — Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ural State Medical University; Forensic Medical Expert, Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination.

Ekaterinburg

obdolgova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-7618НожкинаН. В.NozhkinaN. V.

Ножкина Наталья Владимировна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры общественного здоровья и здравоохранения, институт профилактической медицины.

Екатеринбург

Natalia V. Nozhkina — Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Public Health and Healthcare, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Ural State Medical University.

Ekaterinburg

nojkina@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-6409-3620ЛоктионовК. П.LoktionovK. P.

Локтионов Кирилл Петрович — студент института клинической медицины.

Екатеринбург

Kirill P. Loktionov — Specialist’s Degree Student of the Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ural State Medical University.

Ekaterinburg

loktionov.kirya@gmail.comУральский государственный медицинский университет; Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизыРоссияUral State Medical University; Bureau of Forensic Medical ExaminationRussian FederationУральский государственный медицинский университетРоссияUral State Medical UniversityRussian Federation20250211202524598–115Copyright © Останин Д.В., Долгова О.Б., Ножкина Н.В., Локтионов К.П., 20252025Останин Д.В., Долгова О.Б., Ножкина Н.В., Локтионов К.П.Ostanin D.V., Dolgova O.B., Nozhkina N.V., Loktionov K.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.umjusmu.ru/jour/article/view/1974Введение

Введение. Выполнен анализ исторического развития правого регулирования и методического подхода к осмотру трупа на месте происшествия судебно-медицинским экспертом в различные исторические периоды России. Первый официальный документированный осмотр врачом относится ко второй половине XVI в., в последующем к осмотрам привлекались как лица, не имеющие специального образования, так и врачи. Обязательным в царской России являлся осмотр тел погибших от насильственных причин и инфекционных заболеваний. С XVIII в. осмотр места обнаружения трупа с участием врача в рамках следственного действия начинает документироваться, а в XIХ в. появляется научная основа работы, изложенная И.В. Буяльским. После революции 1917 г. формируется судебно-медицинская служба России, в первые годы советской власти эксперт был частично наделен полномочиями следователя. В России в составе СССР законодательная база, научная основа, методические подходы к работе эксперта на месте происшествия совершенствуются, представляются в нормативных документах и научных работах, посвященных в первую очередь установлению давности наступления смерти. Выполняются научные работы и формулируются методические рекомендации осмотров в зависимости от причин и обстоятельств неблагоприятных исходов. По результатам исторического анализа предложены меры по совершенствованию осмотра трупа судебно-медицинским экспертом на месте происшествия.

Цель работы — провести анализ исторического развития правового регулирования процесса осмотра трупа на месте происшествия.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Анализ законодательства, исторических документов, сравнительный анализ практик проведения осмотра трупа в России и систематизация научных публикаций, размещенных в российских и иностранных базах данных, за 2015–2025 гг. (имеется менее 5 % источников за 2008–2014 гг.).

Introduction

Introduction. The analysis of the historical development of legal regulation and the methodological approach to examining a corpse at the scene by a forensic medical expert in various historical periods of Russia is carried out. The first official documented examination by a doctor dates back to the second half of the 16th century. Subsequently, both persons without special education and doctors were involved in examinations. In tsarist Russia, it was mandatory to examine the bodies of those who died from violent causes and infectious diseases in order to prevent their spread. Since the 18th century, doctors have participated in corpse examinations at crime scenes. In the 19th century, a scientific foundation for this work was established, as set forth by I.V. Buyalsky. After the 1917 Revolution, Russia established its forensic medical service, and early Soviet experts gained partial investigative authority. Based on the results of the historical analysis, measures have been proposed to improve the examination of the corpse by a forensic medical expert at the scene.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the historical development of the legal regulation of the examination of a corpse at the scene.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. Analysis of legislation, historical documents, comparative analysis of cadaver examination practices in Russia and systematization of scientific publications published in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science for 2015–2024 (there are less than 5 % of sources for 2008–2014).

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.