Введение

urmj

Уральский медицинский журнал

Ural Medical Journal

2949-4389

Ural State Medical University

10.52420/umj.24.5.133

WDPOSI

urmj-1976

Research Article

Литературные обзоры | Literature reviews

Literature reviews

Факторы риска хронических неинфекционных заболеваний у детей и подростков

Risk Factors Non-Communicable Diseases in Children and Adolescents

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-4224

Анисимова

А. О.

Anisimova

A. O.

Анисимова Анастасия Олеговна — педиатр, аспирант, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории педиатрии и кардиоваскулярной патологии.

Иркутск

Anastasia O. Anisimova — Pediatrician, Postgraduate Student, Junior Researcher of the Laboratory of Pediatrics and Cardiovascular Pathology, Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction.

Irkutsk

mozolewaao@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117-2563

Рычкова

Л. В.

Rychkova

L. V.

Рычкова Любовь Владимировна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, директор.

Иркутск

Lyubov V. Rychkova — Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director, Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction.

Irkutsk

iphr@sbamsr.irk.ru

Научный центр проблем здоровья семьи и репродукции человекаРоссияScientific Center for Family Health and Human ReproductionRussian Federation

2025

02112025

245

133–148

2025

Анисимова А.О., Рычкова Л.В.

Anisimova A.O., Rychkova L.V.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.umjusmu.ru/jour/article/view/1976

Введение

Введение. Хронические неинфекционные заболевания (НИЗ) — основная причина смертности в мире. Основными типами НИЗ являются сосудистая патология (инфаркты и инсульты), онкологические заболевания, хронические респираторные нозологии (хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, бронхиальная астма) и сахарный диабет. Поведение, связанное с риском для здоровья, характеризуется несбалансированным питанием, недостаточным сном, отсутствием физических нагрузок и психологическим стрессом. Уязвимой группой являются подростки.

Цель — обобщить представления о факторах риска (ФР) здоровья детей и подростков, показать влияние этих факторов на развитие хронических НИЗ во взрослой жизни.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Поиск литературы для обзора проведен в декабре 2024 г. с помощью электронных баз данных PubMed, eLibrary.ru по ключевым словам, связанным с хроническими НИЗ и ФР НИЗ.

Результаты и обсуждение

Результаты и обсуждение. Приоритетными поведенческими ФР НИЗ для подростков являются чрезмерное экранное время (ЭВ), сидячий образ жизни, чрезмерное употребление углеводистой пищи, курение и употребление алкоголя. Напротив, протективными факторами в отношении НИЗ считаются дозированные и регулярные физические нагрузки, питание, богатое пищевыми волокнами и с ограничением добавленного сахара, выполнение рекомендаций по ЭВ и отсутствие вредных привычек. Подростковый возраст характеризуется биопсихосоциальными изменениями, когда возможности для здоровья велики и устанавливаются будущие модели здорового взрослого. В многочисленных исследованиях, касающихся избыточной массы тела у подростков, подтверждается ее связь с поведением школьников в отношении здоровья. Представленные сведения могут помочь в разработке стратегий профилактики НИЗ среди подростков и в углублении понимания факторов риска, влияющих на их здоровье.

Introduction

Introduction. Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death in the world. The main types of NCDs are: vascular pathology (heart attacks and strokes), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma) and diabetes. Health behavior that causes anxiety is characterized by unbalanced nutrition, insufficient sleep, lack of physical activity and psychological stress, the vulnerable group is adolescents.

Objective is to summarize the ideas about the health risk factors of children and adolescents, show the influence of these factors on the development of NCDs in adulthood.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The literature search for the review was conducted in December 2024, using electronic databases PubMed, eLibrary.ru, using keywords related to NCDs and risk factors.

Results and discussion

Results and discussion. The priority behavioral risk factors for NCDs in adolescents are excessive screen time (ST), sedentary lifestyle, excessive consumption of carbohydrates, smoking and alcohol consumption. In contrast, protective factors for NCDs are measured and regular physical activity, a diet rich in dietary fiber and limited in added sugar, compliance with ST recommendations and the absence of bad habits. Adolescence is characterized by biopsychosocial changes, when opportunities for health are high and future models of healthy adults are established. Numerous studies on excess body weight confirm association with health behavior in schoolchildren. In this article, the authors summarized the concepts of risk factors for adolescent health, the impact of these factors on the development of NCDs in the future, as this information can be useful for developing strategies for the prevention of NCDs in adolescents.

неинфекционные заболеванияповеденческие факторы рискаподросткиздоровьепрофилактика

non-communicable diseasesbehavioral risk factorsadolescentshealthprevention

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.