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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">urmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Уральский медицинский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ural Medical Journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-4389</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ural State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52420/umj.25.2.111</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">YWLTFK</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">urmj-2161</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Литературные обзоры | Literature reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature reviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Дифференциальная диагностика синкопе и эпилепсии: литературный обзор</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Differential Diagnosis of Syncope and Epilepsy: A Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0652-1996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Томенко</surname><given-names>Т. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tomenko</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Рафаиловна Томенко — кандидат медицинских наук, невролог, Европейский медицинский центр «УГМК‑Здоровье»; доцент кафедры неврологии и нейрохирургии, институт клинической медицины, Уральский государственный медицинский университет; руководитель научно‑исследовательской лаборатории клинико‑поведенческих исследований человека, Уральский гуманитарный институт, Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б. Н. Ельцина</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana R. Tomenko — Candidate of Sciences (Medicine), Neurologist, European Medical Centre “UMMC‑ Health”; Associate Professor of the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Ural State Medical University; Head of the Laboratory of Human Clinical and Behavioral Research, Ural Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin</p><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trtomenko@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-7351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковтун</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovtun</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Петровна Ковтун — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик Российской академии наук, президент</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga P. Kovtun — Doctor of Sciences (Medicine), Professor, Full Member (Academician) of the Russian Acad‑ emy of Sciences, President</p><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kovtun@usma.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2166-0882</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насырова</surname><given-names>Л. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasyrova</surname><given-names>L. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лолита Олеговна Насырова  — студент института клинической медицины</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lolita O. Nasyrova  — Specialist’s Degree Student of the Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nasirova.lolita@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5736-0300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткаченко</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachenko</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аресентий Сергеевич Ткаченко — студент института педиатрии и репродуктивной медицины</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aresenty S. Tkachenko — Specialist’s Degree Student of the Institute of Pediatrics and Reproductive Medi‑ cine</p><p>Ekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trtomenko@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский государственный медицинский университет;&#13;
Европейский медицинский центр «УГМК‑Здоровье»;&#13;
Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б. Н. Ельцина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University;&#13;
European Medical Centre “UMMC‑Health”;&#13;
Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>111–129</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Томенко Т.Р., Ковтун О.П., Насырова Л.О., Ткаченко А.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Томенко Т.Р., Ковтун О.П., Насырова Л.О., Ткаченко А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tomenko T.R., Kovtun O.P., Nasyrova L.O., Tkachenko A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.umjusmu.ru/jour/article/view/2161">https://www.umjusmu.ru/jour/article/view/2161</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Схожесть клинических проявлений синкопе и эпилепсии зачастую затрудняет их дифференциальную диагностику, что может приводить к неправильной терапевтической тактике, неадекватным лечебным мероприятиям и ухудшению прогноза у пациента. В связи с этим одним из актуальных вопросов современной неврологии является дифференциация критериев, позволяющих точно и своевременно отличить эти состояния.</p><p>Цель работы — провести анализ дифференциальных критериев эпилепсии и синкопе, представленных в научной литературе.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Выполнен систематический анализ 71 научной работы по теме синкопальных состояний, эпилепсии и оценки дифференциальных критериев, важных в диагностике, опубликованной с 2012 по 2025 г. в открытом доступе. Из них 80,3 % составили иностранные публикации, включая международные клинические рекомендации, систематические обзоры и оригинальные исследования, и около 19,7 % — отечественные источники, представленные клиническими рекомендациями и публикациями в профильных медицинских журналах. Эти работы охватывают широкий спектр вопросов, связанных c синкопе, эпилепсией и их дифференциальными признаками, которые имеют практическое значение для клиницистов. Все выбранные источники отобраны на основе их актуальности, научной новизны и достоверности предоставляемых данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. На основе изученных материалов сформулированы и систематизированы основные клинико-семиологические, инструментальные и биохимические критерии дифференциальной диагностики синкопе и эпилепсии. Выделены особенности начала и течения анализируемых состояний, роль электроэнцефалографии, кардиологического обследования, нейровизуализации и лабораторных показателей в уточнении диагноза и исключении альтернативной патологии.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Для дифференциальной диагностики синкопе и эпилепсии необходимо комплексно учитывать анамнез заболевания, особенности клинических проявлений, биохимические маркеры и результаты инструментальных исследований. Такой подход позволяет повысить точность диагноза и оптимизировать терапевтическую тактику.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Syncope and epilepsy often present with similar symptoms, complicating their differential diagnosis. This can lead to incorrect treatment, inadequate management, and poorer patient outcomes. Thus, accurately distinguishing between these conditions remains a key challenge in modern neurology. The primary goal is to identify reliable criteria that allow for timely and precise diagnosis.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. This review aims to analyze the differential diagnostic features of epilepsy and syncope as documented in recent scientific literature.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A systematic review was conducted on 71 open-access studies published between 2012 and 2025. About 80.3 % of these were international publications, including clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, and original research, while around 19.7 % were domestic sources. The selected works cover clinical, instrumental, and biochemical aspects of syncope and epilepsy, providing practical insights for clinicians. All sources were critically evaluated based on relevance, scientific novelty, and data credibility.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. The review identifies key clinical, instrumental, and laboratory criteria for differentiating syncope from epilepsy. It highlights the importance of the onset and progression of symptoms, electroencephalography, cardiological assessments, neuroimaging, and biochemical markers in clarifying diagnoses and ruling out other pathologies.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Accurate differentiation requires a comprehensive approach considering medical history, clinical features, biochemical data, and instrumental findings. Integrating these factors enhances diagnostic precision and guides effective treatment strategies.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>синкопальное состояние</kwd><kwd>обморок</kwd><kwd>эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd><kwd>электроэнцефалография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>syncopal state</kwd><kwd>fainting</kwd><kwd>epilepsy</kwd><kwd>differential diagnosis</kwd><kwd>electroencephalography</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aretinskiy AV, Zhilyakov AV, Aretinskiy VB, Shershever AS, Isupov AB, Shorikov EV. Utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnostics of epilepsy. Ural Medical Journal. 2019;(3):25–29. (In Russ.). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/RVQETL.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aretinskiy AV, Zhilyakov AV, Aretinskiy VB, Shershever AS, Isupov AB, Shorikov EV. 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