Эпидемиологическая характеристика норовирусной инфекции
https://doi.org/10.52420/2071-5943-2022-21-3-114-128
Аннотация
Введение. Норовирусы являются распространенной причиной гастроэнтерита и представляют угрозу для общественного здоровья, вызывая вспышки в медицинских организациях и организованных коллективах. Цель работы – систематизировать текущие данные об эпидемиологии норовирусной инфекции (НВИ) и биологических свойствах норовирусов в данном контексте. Материалы и методы. Проведен поиск научных статей по ключевому слову «norovirus» в базе данных Pubmed и по ключевому слову «норовирус» в базе данных РИНЦ. Из поисковой выдачи для обобщения извлечено 338 публикаций. Результаты и обсуждение. Норовирусы человека характеризуются генетическим разнообразием и быстро эволюционируют, ускользая от иммунного ответа. В сочетании с высокой контагиозностью и сложностями в культивировании норовирусов это обстоятельство затрудняет создание эффективной вакцины и усиливает важность интенсивной разработки мер неспецифической профилактики и совершенствования системы эпидемиологического надзора, что, помимо прочего, является экономически эффективным, способствуя рациональному использованию ресурсов здравоохранения. Меры неспецифической профилактики НВИ сводятся к обеспечению населения доброкачественными питьевой водой и пищевыми продуктами (в т. ч. за счет совершенствования технологий их деконтаминации), продвижению навыков личной гигиены, своевременной диагностике заболевания и изоляции заболевших из организованных коллективов. Современные методы включают организацию дозорного надзора за НВИ, мониторинг циркуляции возбудителей, внедрение технологий моделирования и прогнозирования заболеваемости. Целесообразно дальнейшее проведение прикладных эпидемиологических исследований для изучения различных противоэпидемических мер и оценки их медико-экономической эффективности, поскольку некоторые из них (включая применение кожных антисептиков) демонстрируют противоречивые результаты. Заключение. НВИ является актуальной инфекционной патологией, методы эпидемиологического надзора за которой нуждаются в дальнейшем совершенствовании в направлении повышения чувствительности и точности. Требуются дополнительные исследования эпидемиологической и экономической эффективности существующих мер профилактики: обеспечение микробиологической безопасности воды и пищевых продуктов, своевременное разобщение больных и здоровых, гигиена и антисептика рук.
Об авторах
А. А. Косова
ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России
Россия
Россия
Анна Александровна Косова – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент
Екатеринбург
В. И. Чалапа
ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ЕНИИВИ ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора
Россия
Россия
Владислав Игоревич Чалапа – аспирант
Екатеринбург
Т. М. Итани
ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ЕНИИВИ ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора
Россия
Россия
Тарек Мохамедович Итани – кандидат биологических наук
Екатеринбург
А. В. Семенов
ЕНИИВИ ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора
Россия
Россия
Александр Владимирович Семенов – доктор биологических наук
Екатеринбург
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Рецензия
Для цитирования:
Косова АА, Чалапа ВИ, Итани ТМ, Семенов АВ. Эпидемиологическая характеристика норовирусной инфекции. Уральский медицинский журнал. 2022;21(3):114-128. https://doi.org/10.52420/2071-5943-2022-21-3-114-128
For citation:
Kosova AA, Chalapa VI, Itani TM, Semenov AV. Epidemiological portrait of noroviral infection. Ural Medical Journal. 2022;21(3):114-128. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.52420/2071-5943-2022-21-3-114-128
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