Нарушение сна как предиктор ускоренного старения человека

Введение. Известно, что старение приводит к дисфункции всех функциональных систем организма человека. Одним из его основных предикторов является нарушение сна, изучение влияния которого на развитие ускоренного процесса старения признается актуальной проблемой для медицинского сообщества.

Цель работы — анализ современных данных о возрастных аспектах нарушений сна и описание известных маркеров преждевременного старения, ассоциированных с сомнологическими расстройствами.

Материалы и методы. Поиск и подбор литературных источников осуществлялся в базах данных PubMed, eLibrary, «КиберЛенинка», Google Scholar. Для поиска подбирались следующие ключевые слова: biological age, chronological age, biomarkers, brain aging, sleep disorders, polysomnography, «старение, сон, биологический возраст, хронологический возраст, когнитивное старение». Глубина поиска — 17 лет, с 2007 по 2024 г. Общее количество публикаций, включенных в обзор, — 80.

Результаты и обсуждение. Старение — общий патологический процесс, затрагивающий все физиологические системы человека. Дана характеристика отличиям между терминами биологического и хронологического возрастов. Определена роль сомнологических нарушений в ускоренном процессе старения. По мере увеличения возраста наблюдаются изменения электрофизиологической картины сна с удлинением периода засыпания, увеличением числа ночных пробуждений, нарушением структуры медленноволнового сна и повышением дневной сонливости. Биологические маркеры старения, такие как сиртуины, длина теломер, показатели метилирования ДНК, положительно коррелируют с нарушением сна. Показано значение нейровизуализационных методов в определении ускоренного темпа старения у лиц с сомнологическими расстройствами.

Заключение. Нарушение сна определяется как значимый показатель ускоренного старения организма. Дальнейшее исследование изменений структуры и качества сна может изменить представления о патогенетических механизмах старения и способствовать разработке новых диагностических и терапевтических стратегий в сфере антивозрастной медицины.

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