Историческая эволюция правового регулирования осмотра трупа на месте происшествия

Введение. Выполнен анализ исторического развития правого регулирования и методического подхода к осмотру трупа на месте происшествия судебно-медицинским экспертом в различные исторические периоды России. Первый официальный документированный осмотр врачом относится ко второй половине XVI в., в последующем к осмотрам привлекались как лица, не имеющие специального образования, так и врачи. Обязательным в царской России являлся осмотр тел погибших от насильственных причин и инфекционных заболеваний. С XVIII в. осмотр места обнаружения трупа с участием врача в рамках следственного действия начинает документироваться, а в XIХ в. появляется научная основа работы, изложенная И.В. Буяльским. После революции 1917 г. формируется судебно-медицинская служба России, в первые годы советской власти эксперт был частично наделен полномочиями следователя. В России в составе СССР законодательная база, научная основа, методические подходы к работе эксперта на месте происшествия совершенствуются, представляются в нормативных документах и научных работах, посвященных в первую очередь установлению давности наступления смерти. Выполняются научные работы и формулируются методические рекомендации осмотров в зависимости от причин и обстоятельств неблагоприятных исходов. По результатам исторического анализа предложены меры по совершенствованию осмотра трупа судебно-медицинским экспертом на месте происшествия.

Цель работы — провести анализ исторического развития правового регулирования процесса осмотра трупа на месте происшествия.

Материалы и методы. Анализ законодательства, исторических документов, сравнительный анализ практик проведения осмотра трупа в России и систематизация научных публикаций, размещенных в российских и иностранных базах данных, за 2015–2025 гг. (имеется менее 5 % источников за 2008–2014 гг.).

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