Некодирующие РНК и иные эпигенетические маркеры в молекулярной диагностике и прогнозировании рака шейки матки

Введение. На современном этапе развития медицинской науки рак шейки матки (РШМ) остается важнейшей проблемой онкогинекологии. Поиск новых молекулярных биомаркеров для прогноза возникновения и ранней диагностики РШМ является актуальной задачей. В свете изложенного особый интерес представляют микроРНК и циркулярные (кольцевые) РНК (циркРНК).

Материалы и методы. Проведен аналитический обзор современных научных публикаций (за последние 10 лет) из баз данных PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary.ru и Google Scholar, посвященных роли микроРНК и циркРНК в патогенезе, диагностике и прогнозе возникновения цервикальной интраэпителиальной неоплазии (ЦИН) и РШМ.

Результаты. Обобщены литературные данные о характерных паттернах дерегуляции микроРНК (гиперэкспрессия микроРНК-20a, циркРНК-21; гипоэкспрессия микроРНК-23b, микроРНК-135a, микроРНК-145) на различных этапах цервикального канцерогенеза, ассоциированных с онкогенезом, индуцированным вирусом папилломы человека. Упорядочены опубликованные сведения о ключевых осях регуляторных сетей «циркРНК — микроРНК — мРНК», опосредующих основные онкогенные процессы. Приведены литературные данные о диагностическом и прогностическом потенциале панелей микроРНК (например, микроРНК-20a, микроРНК, микроРНК-23b) как в тканевых образцах, так и материале жидкостной цитологии.

Обсуждение. Результаты обзора демонстрируют эволюцию исследований от изучения отдельных молекул-биомаркеров к системному анализу целостных регуляторных комплексов. Комбинация анализа микроРНК, циркРНК и эпигенетических маркеров (метилирование ДНК) в рамках интегративных алгоритмов представляется наиболее перспективным направлением для персонализации скрининга, диагностики и оценки прогноза при РШМ.

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