Introduction. Malignant neoplasms in children belong to the category of socially significant pathology. Tumor progression results from local recurrence, the substrate of which is the presence of residual tumor tissue in the resection area, which requires a high level of surgical ablastics. Application of additional intervention on residual tumor tissue by means of new surgical technologies results in an increased radicalism of surgical treatment of patients with retroperitoneal tumors.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed technique of intraoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) at the stage of surgical treatment of children with nephroblastoma.

Materials and methods. The study group included 66 patients with nephroblastoma, 35 boys and 31 girls. Patients in the control group (n = 35) underwent surgical treatment in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy according to the SIOP protocol. Patients in the main group (n = 31) received the SIOP protocol therapy in combination with PDT. A combination of surgical treatment with intraoperative PDT was used to increase the radicality of surgical intervention and reduce the local recurrence rate.

Results. In the group of patients who received PDT in addition to the surgical treatment, the death rate during the 5-year follow-up period was lower, and the survival rate, respectively, was higher — 90.3 % versus 71.4 % (p = 0.050).

Conclusion. The proposed technique of intraoperative PDT within the complex treatment of retroperitoneal tumors results in better outcomes, significantly increasing survival rate in patients with retroperitoneal tumors. 

Introduction. Inflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis and oral lichen planus. Inflammatory mediators detected in mixed saliva, such as interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and E-selectin, are particularly important for early diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments for these diseases.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of absolute and corrected by total protein levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and E-selectin in mixed saliva samples from patients with chronic periodontitis and oral lichen planus.

Materials and methods. The study involved 43 people of different ages (63.0 [48.0; 71.0] years). Three groups were formed: patients with moderate chronic periodontitis (n = 21); patients with oral lichen planus (n = 7); control group (n = 15). The Luminex 200 analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) was used to evaluate levels of inteleukin-6 (IL-6 Human ProcartaPlex Simplex Kit, Invitrogen, USA), interleukin-8 (IL-8 (CXCL8) Human ProcartaPlex Simplex Kit, Invitrogen, USA) and E-selectin (CD62E (E-selectin) Human ProcartaPlex Simplex Kit, Invitrogen, USA) in mixed saliva.

Results. The absolute concentration of interleukin-8 was significantly increased in patients with chronic periodontitis (p = 0.019). ROC analysis showed that the diagnostic accuracy of interleukin-8 measurement was moderate (AUC = 0.790; p = 0.004). Diagnostic sensitivity was 75.00 % and specificity was 88.89 % at the cut-off ≥473.78 pg/ml. There were no differences in the results after correction by total protein concentration.

Conclusion. The absolute level of interleukin-8 in mixed saliva was elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis, but there were no changes after correction by total protein concentration. 

Introduction. In recent years, the phenotype of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been identified in individuals with normal body weight (NBW), the clinical features of which have been little studied.

The purpose of the work is to study the structure of concomitant pathology, body composition and metabolic profile of patients with NAFLD and NBW, the dynamics of these indicators in combination therapy with glycyrrhizic acid and phospholipids.

Materials and methods. 69 patients with NAFLD and NMT were examined. Ultrasound examination of abdominal organs, transient liver elastography, determination of body composition, parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, levels of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, HbA1c were performed.

Results. The studied patients had liver steatosis of stage 1 in 72.5 %, stage 2 in 27.5 %, liver fibrosis of stages 1–3 in 22.0 % of cases. Concomitant pathology of the gastrointestinal tract was registered in 48.0 % of individuals, arterial hypertension in 25.0 %, dyslipidemia in 51.0 %, impaired glucose tolerance in 30.7 %, impaired adipokine status in 46.0 % of cases. The comorbidity index was (0.6±0.2) points, and the risk of developing acute coronary syndrome on the PROCAM scale was (29.2±2.6) %.

Conclusion. Most patients with NAFLD and NBW had 1 or more cardiometabolic risk factors. The progression of NAFLD was associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile and an increased risk of developing cardiovascular pathology. As a result of 3 months of therapy with Phosphogliv in combination with non-medicinal methods, the tasks of regressing steatosis, fibrosis, improving body component composition and increasing protective high-density lipoproteins were achieved. 

Background. Since 2026, as part of the State Guarantees Program, health schools for pregnant women on breastfeeding have been introduced in medical organizations, which requires the development and testing of effective educational programs.

Objective is to evaluate the impact of training at the School of Health for Pregnant Women on Breastfeeding on the success of lactation in the early postnatal period.

Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study involving 228 mother — child couples was conducted. The main group (n = 110) consisted of women who completed training at the School of Health at 37–39 weeks of gestation. The control group (n = 118) consisted of women who had not completed training. Efficacy was assessed using the LATCH scale in two time periods: in the first 6–12 hours and 72 hours after delivery. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann — Whitney U-test and the χ 2 criterion.

Results. The median total LATCH score (Me [Q1; Q3]) in the main group was significantly higher than in the control group, both in the first 6–12 hours (7.0 [6.0; 9.0] vs. 5.5 [5.0; 7.0], p < 0.05) and 72 hours after delivery (8.5 [6.0; 10.0] and 7.0 [6.0; 8.0], p < 0.05). In the main group, breast grabbing problems (26.8 % and 38.4 %, p < 0.05), feeding discomfort (22.6 % and 38.1 %, p < 0.05), and the need for additional staff assistance (22.4 % and 44.2 %, p < 0.05) were less common than in the control group.

Conclusion. Studying at the School of Health for Pregnant Women on Breastfeeding contributes to the successful development of lactation. 

Relevance. Asteroid hyalosis is a chronic degenerative condition of the vitreous body of unknown etiology, accompanied by the deposition of calcium phospholipid complexes on the collagen framework of the vitreous body. Despite the fact that asteoid hyalosis often occurs without symptoms, after cataract extraction, patients may complain of a significant decrease in subjective visual quality. Among scientific publications, there are no comprehensive data on the study of higher-order aberrations in patients with asteroid hyalosis.

The aim of this study is to evaluate higher-order internal aberrations in patients with artiphakia and asteroid hyalosis.

Materials and methods. On the basis of the ophthalmological department of Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1, after pre-performing standard diagnostic methods, cataract surgery was performed in 12 patients with concomitant diagnosis of asteroid hyalosis.. After 1 month of surgery, all patients underwent aberrometry using the iTrace visual function analyzer. The obtained diagnostic results have been analyzed and statistically processed.

Results. The results of aberrometry and ultrasound examination showed a correlation between the density of asteroidal bodies in the vitreous body and the level of higher-order internal aberrations.

Conclusion. The revealed relationship between the density of asteroid bodies in the vitreous body and the degree of influence on higher-order internal aberrations deepens our understanding of the pathogenesis of asteroid hyalosis this condition and may serve as a basis for revising the indications for phacoemulsification in patients with combined age-related cataracts and asteroid hyalosis, especially in cases of severe aberrations. 

Background. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains the leading cause of respiratory failure in preterm infants, while bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most frequent and severe complication of respiratory therapy. The use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a cornerstone of the “lung-protective ventilation” strategy aimed at preventing iatrogenic injury and reducing the risk of BPD.

Objective is to summarize and analyze current evidence on NIV methods in preterm neonates with RDS, focusing on the clinical capabilities of each technique, their advantages, and limitations to optimize respiratory management.

Materials and methods. The search was conducted in the following foreign and Russian electronic bibliographic databases and registries: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scientific Electronic Library eLibrary.ru and CyberLeninka. The primary search period covered publications from the last ten years (2015–2025).

Results. The evolution of non-invasive respiratory support methods aims to achieve maximum patient-ventilator synchrony and stable airway pressure. Comparative studies and meta-analyses demonstrate the superiority of synchronized modes (SNIPPV) over basic NCPAP in preventing intubation, while NHFOV may be the most effective method for post-extubation support. However, the use of these methods is associated with risks, including nasal injuries, barotrauma, and hemodynamic effects.

Conclusion. Successful implementation of NIV requires a personalized approach based on gestational age, disease severity, and continuous assessment of clinical outcomes such as BPD development, need for invasive mechanical ventilation, and survival. 

Introduction. Accurate determination of the late postmortem interval remains a challenge in forensics. Decomposition is driven by complex factors, with soil type being particularly critical as it dictates the rate and nature of tissue degradation. This study highlights the need to refine postmortem interval estimation methods by better accounting for the specific soil environment, as current techniques often produce unreliable results due to insufficient consideration of the soil substrate.

The purpose of the work is to conduct a comprehensive historical and scientific analysis and systematization of current data on the impact of different soil environments on the nature and dynamics of postmortem tissue changes, as well as to identify current challenges in research on postmortem transformations of tissues.

Materials and methods. A systematic review of publications from international (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) and Russian (eLibrary.ru, CyberLeninka) databases covering the period from 1940 to 2025 was conducted. The analysis included original studies, reviews, meta-analyses, and monographs addressing postmortem changes in various soil conditions. 

Introduction. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and its association with coronary artery disease are prerequisites for studying the relationships at the molecular level due to adipokines secreted by adipose tissue.

Purpose is to conduct a critical analysis of the data presented in available sources indexed in the databases of the Russian Science Citation Index and PubMed for the period mainly 2018–2026, devoted to the pathogenetic relationship of abdominal obesity and coronary heart disease through the effects of adipokines.

Results. A wide range (over 600) of adipokines can be differentiated depending on their involvement in atherogenesis as a key substrate of coronary heart disease into pro- and antiatherogenic and adipokines with an uncertain role. The role of antiatherogenic adipokines is realized by changing the lipid profile of plasma, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties. Adipokines with an uncertain role in atherogenesis are the object of close study and clarification of their role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. The presented information expands the available information on the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease, and is a prerequisite for further research and improvement of diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive synergistic strategies in patients with coronary heart disease and abdominal obesity in clinical practice, including in the context of personalized biomolecular medicine aimed at reducing the global burden of atherosclerosis. 

Introduction. This review presents a systematic analysis of the evolution of views on the treatment of precancerous lesions of the cervix and methods for predicting the risk of developing cervical carcinoma.

Materials and methods. The historical path has been traced from the early morphological classifications based on the principle of gradation through the formation of the concept of dysplasia and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to the approval of the Bethesda system focused on clinical manifestations and patient management tactics.

Results. Special emphasis is placed on the problems of morphological diagnostics: the low reproducibility of diagnoses, the high level of spontaneous regression call into question traditional fundamental concepts. The proven link with persistent HPV infection and the development of cancer formed the basis of a new biological model. The review describes the key pathways of viral transformation, including the degradation of p53 and pRb proteins under the action of oncoproteins E6 and E7. Objective risk stratification based on molecular tests has become the solution to the problem of subjectivity. We have evaluated in detail the role of immunohistochemistry (p16, p16/Ki-67), HPV genotyping and DNA methylation markers (FAM 19A4, miR124-2) in modern screening diagnostic schemes.

Discussion. The prospects of studying regulatory RNAs (miRNA, circRNA), the use of artificial intelligence and the formation of unified platforms for the prevention of the entire group of HPV-dependent diseases are discussed. It is concluded that the evolution of ideas from descriptive phenomenology to a highly accurate one, with an assessment of the risk of malignancy, forms the scientific basis for achieving the goal of global elimination of cervical cancer. 

Introduction. Current research increasingly indicates that sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are risk factors for the development of cardiometabolic diseases and autonomic disorders. Individual characteristics, nutrition, shift work, and concomitant diseases are sources of circadian rhythm disruption (desynchronosis). Chronic desyn chronosis contributes to dysregulation of blood pressure, elevated glucose levels, alterations in lipid profile, as well as the development of obesity. Of particular importance in this process is the study of polymorphisms of the so-called clock genes — CLOCK, BMAL1, PER, and CRY — which determine the organism’s sensitivity to external factors that disrupt circadian rhythms. Understanding the processes of circadian regulation at the molecular, physiological, and genetic levels opens up new possibilities for the development of modern strategies for prevention and treatment.

Aim is to analyze the molecular mechanisms, physiological foundations, and key genetic polymorphisms of circadian rhythms, as well as their relationship with cardiometabolic disorders; to identify future research perspectives in the integration of the chronobiological approach.

Materials and methods. A systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and eLibrary.ru. Original articles and reviews published between 2018 and 2026 were analyzed, along with seminal works from earlier periods. The search was performed using relevant keywords.