The aim was to estimate the risk of non-tumor disease incidence in the cohort of workers involved in the disposal of nuclear munitions as a function of non-radiational and radiological factors. Materials and Methods. The retrospective cohort study included 8078 nuclear industry employees involved in nuclear munitions disposition and covered the period from recruitment to December 31, 2018. Risk analysis for non-tumor diseases was performed based on Poisson regression using the AMFIT module of the EPICURE software. Relative risk estimates were obtained for the following factors: body mass index, blood pressure, smoking index, alcohol consumption status, external gamma and internal alpha radiation dose. 95% confidence intervals for relative risk were calculated by the maximum likelihood method. Results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results. In the study cohort of workers, 2168 cases of coronary heart disease, 2961 cases of cerebrovascular disease, 2995 cases of arterial hypertension, 742 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 556 cases of diabetes mellitus were registered at the end of the observation period. Overweight and obesity, elevated blood pressure, smoking and alcohol abuse statistically significantly increased the risk of non-tumor disease among workers in the study cohort. The incidence of non-tumor diseases statistically significantly increased with increasing age of workers. Discussion. The results of the present study are consistent with data from numerous large-scale international studies, previous cohort studies of nuclear industry workers, and meta-analyses. Conclusion. The risk of non-tumor disease among workers involved in the disposal of nuclear munitions was statistically significantly influenced by both well-known non-radiation and radiation risk factors.

Introduction. A new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is the cause of exacerbation of chronic diseases, increasing number of referrals for diseases of the digestive and circulatory systems. The urgent task in the post-co-infection period becomes the planning of health care resources and organization of timely accessible medical care, including the rehabilitation of patients after COVID-19. The aim of the work was to study specific features of manifestations of chronic noninfectious diseases in persons after COVID-19 coronavirus infection to substantiate preventive and rehabilitative measures. Materials and Methods. The retrospective analysis of the outpatient charts (form N 025/u) of patients who underwent COVID-19 was carried out. Results. In the group with mild course of COVID-19 the frequency of cases of digestive organs diseases increased from 13.7 % to 22.7 %. In the group of patients with a moderate course of COVID-19 the share of appeals for circulatory system diseases increased from 14,8 % to 21,6 %, for digestive organs diseases from 16,7 to 21,6 %. Discussion. The peculiarity of the postcoid period is the increase in the incidence of chronic non-infectious diseases of the population. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, neurological and psychosocial symptoms of postvoid syndrome are revealed. The high prevalence of disease in the working-age population requires special attention to the organization of primary health care in a prolonged pandemic. Conclusion. In the structure of nosological forms of diseases in the postcoid period in patients with mild COVID-19 the highest frequency of cases is associated with diseases of the digestive organs, their proportion increased almost twofold. In patients with the moderate form of COVID-19 the reason for visiting the polyclinic is diseases of the circulatory system and digestive organs (21,6 %). Peculiarities of manifestations of chronic diseases after COVID-19 coronavirus infection can be taken into account when conducting clinical examination of the population and implementing rehabilitation measures.

Introduction. Over the past decade there has been a steady increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which are one of the main causes of reproductive health problems in the world. In the Russian Federation, as in the rest of the world, this problem is relevant, especially among pregnant women. In addition, the problem of detecting, registering, and recording the prevalence of STIs, as well as involving contact persons in the examination remains a problem in Russia. The purpose of this work was to analyze the possibility of using foresight technology to reduce morbidity and monitor the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in the population, including by evaluating the available literature. Materials and methods. A retrospective study of medical records of syphilis and gonorrhea morbidity in the Sverdlovsk region over a ten-year period was carried out. Intensity rates of gonorrhea, syphilis and other infections per 100 thousand people were calculated. Student's test was used to compare incidence rates. Results. In order to implement foresight-technology we determined the basic indicators of morbidity indicator: gender, age and social data, belonging to "risk groups", motivational and behavioral features of different groups in the population. The incidence of syphilis and gonorrhea in the Sverdlovsk region over a 10-year period decreased by more than 50% (p < 0.05), the incidence rate of syphilis in the group of pregnant women in 2019 is five times higher than in the entire population of the Sverdlovsk region (p < 0.05). The actual discrepancy between the trend for 2019 and the registered actual incidence in the same year was 1.7-3 times. Discussion. Based on the discrepancy between the actually registered incidence of syphilis and gonococcal infection with the calculated trend for them, the main groups of problems in the organization of the activities of medical institutions were identified. Conclusions. The use of elements of foresight technology to limit the spread of STIs by organizing medical and preventive measures to minimize and prevent infection with these infections, both in specific populations and in the general population, allows for the effectiveness of this work in the practice of the dermatovenerologist.

Introduction. Several key factors in the pathogenesis of drug-associated osteonecrosis have been described in the literature, among which infectious agents play a not insignificant role. The features of the jaw bones and invasive dental manipulations contribute to the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, which contributes to the progression of the disease. The aim of the investigation was to study and analyze the microbiota of the wound discharge in case of medication-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw and to reveal possible etiologically significant microorganisms. Materials and Methods. The study group included 30 men and 26 women with the diagnosis of medication-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (mean age 66,8 ± 10,03 years), comparison group included 55 men and 27 women with odontogenic inflammatory diseases (mean age 43,6±5,8 years). Microbiota of the wound discharge was studied in the patients of the main group and its composition was compared with the microbiota of the exudate from the control group patients. The results were analyzed on the basis of cultural peculiarities. Results. In the main group association of three or more microorganisms was detected in 62,5 % of cases. In the monoculture in 25 % of cases staphylococci were isolated, in 12,5 % – Escherichia coli family. In the comparison group, staphylococci were detected in 60.9 %, the streptococcus family in 14.6 %, the E. coli family in 8.5 %, and associations of microorganisms in 15.8 %. Discussion. The study found that in the main group microbial associations predominated over monoculture. In the comparison group representatives of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus families were leading. The CFU level in the main group was between 50 and 60 per cup in 100 %, indicating moderate growth. The comparison group was dominated by moderate growth of microorganisms, over high infestation. Conclusion. The analysis of the wound discharge microbiota in the patients of the main group showed that the species composition was represented by the associations of microorganisms in contrast to the control group patients where the leading microorganisms were representatives of the family of staphylococci and streptococci. The predominance of microbial associations over monocultures indicates that colonization of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria is not a leading factor in the development of drug-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw, but only contributes to the progression of the disease against other factors of pathogenesis.

Introduction. Chronic forms of inflammatory periodontal diseases, leading to deterioration of bone tissue quality and volume, are the most important and urgent problems for modern dentistry. Despite the measures taken at different levels of prevention the tendency to the increase of patients with periodontitis has been revealed. The aim of the investigation was to make a comparative clinical and radiological evaluation of the effectiveness of directed tissue regeneration (DTR) using different methods of membrane placement in the area of defects with complex configuration in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis. Material and methods. Patients were divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Study design: open randomized. Patients of the first group were operated on using DTR technique and additional membrane fixation by means of periodontal micropins; patients of the second group were operated on using DTR without additional membrane fixation. The results were assessed by clinical and radiological examination after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Results. More active regenerative processes were registered in the first group; the periodontal pocket depth after one month was 2,77 ± 0,08 mm, in patients of the second group – 2,85 ± 0,03 mm (p < 0,05); the tendency for decrease of this index remained during all investigation. The Hounsfield index after 12 months was 1658 ± 45.38 units in the first group and 1589 ± 12.02 units in the second group (p < 0.05). Discussion. When comparing the obtained data with those of their foreign colleagues, the authors concluded that additional fixation of the membrane leads to a less pronounced deformation and preservation of the bone volume in the long-term postoperative period. Conclusion. The use of micropins for membrane fixation allows to work with defects of complex configuration and in the long term leads to formation of denser bone tissue with preservation of its volume.

Introduction. Dexmedetomidine (a highly selective α2-adrenergic agonist) is used for analgosedation in various interventions. Some studies have noted that a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1.0 μg/kg/15 minutes can lead to a decrease in the diameter of the coronary arteries in both healthy volunteers and patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of monoanesthesia with dexmedetomidine on the diameter of the stented artery (proximal and distal to the site of stenosis) during elective endovascular stenting of the coronary arteries. Materials and methods. A quasi-experimental study "before and after" was carried out. The study included 22 patients from September 2021 to January 2022. A comparison of 27 indicators was carried out, since 5 patients underwent simultaneous stenting of 2 coronary arteries. Results. The diameter of the proximal section of the stented artery before the loading dose of dexmedetomidine was 2.9 mm [2.5–3.4]; after loading dose – 3.0 mm [2.5–3.4] (p = 0.6). The initial diameter of the distal segment of the coronary artery was 2.2 mm [1.7–2.4], while after a loading dose of dexmedetomidine it was 2.2 mm [2.0–2.5] (p = 0.001). Discussion. In this study, there was no change in the proximal segment of the coronary artery when using a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg/kg/10 minutes. Whereas an increase in the diameter of the distal coronary arteries has been reported with the above loading dose of dexmedetomidine. Conclusion. Despite a number of limitations of this study (factors affecting the diameter of the coronary arteries that were not taken into account), with a certain degree of optimism, one can speak of a smaller effect of a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg/10 minutes on the diameter of the lumen of the coronary arteries.

with the necessary resources and technology to improve the level and quality of care remains one of the most important tasks of emergency neonatology. Deterioration on the road may be due to suboptimal stabilization, the severity of the patient's condition, and the transportation procedure itself. Assessment of transportability is one of the most important tasks in the pre-transport preparation phase. Materials and Methods. The cohort study included data from 604 resuscitation team visits. According to the tactical decision, the subgroups of the transportable (n = 497) and non-transportable (n = 46) patients were singled out. The anamnesis data, scores according to the KSHONN, NTISS, TRIPS threat scales, the volume of intensive care, pre-transport preparation, and the outcome of the hospital stage were analyzed. Results. Non-transportable patients had significantly higher scores on the examined threatometric scales. The need for high-frequency artificial lung ventilation was associated with patient nontransportability with a risk ratio of 10.1 [6.72 to 15.18], and dopamine and adrenaline infusion increased the likelihood of nontransportability with risk ratios of 5.85 [3.44 to 9.95] and 11.38 [8.09 to 16.01], respectively. The need for correction of intensive care is associated with nontransportability with a risk ratio of 3.44 [2.29 to 5.17]. The group of nontransportable patients was characterized by significantly higher mortality, 7-day mortality, frequency of late neonatal sepsis, and longer duration of ventilatory ventilation and intensive care. Discussion. The group of patients considered untransportable at the stage of pre-transport preparation is characterized by high morbidity, the need for intensive care, and the need to correct therapy, which is regarded by the transport team as an additional risk. Conclusion. Non-transportable patients are characterized by a significantly higher need for intensive care and amount of pre-transport preparation, high morbidity and mortality

Introduction. The lifetime incidence of radicular pain syndrome in different age groups varies from 12.2 % to 43.0 %. The most common injectable method of pain syndrome treatment is the execution of blockades. Short duration of the analgesic effect of individual types of blockades makes us think about the use of their combination to achieve a better analgesic effect. The aim of the study was to prove the efficacy of nonsurgical correction of painful radicular syndrome using a combination of medication blockades. Materials and methods. Analysis of treatment efficacy of pharmacoresistant vertebrogenic radicular syndrome using paravertebral blockade and combined (epidural + periradicular) blockade was performed. The effectiveness was evaluated by the dynamics of pain syndrome (according to the visual analogue scale of VAS pain) after the blockade, after 3 days, 14 days and 1 month. Results. The 1st group patients' pain level according to VAS after the blockage was 3.5 ± 0.8, 3 days later – 5.6 ± 1.1, 14 days later – 4.8 ± 1.2, 30 days later – 4.2 ± 0.7. The patients in the second group had a pain level of 0 after the blockade, after 3 days – 1.8 ± 0.2, 14 days – 2.1 ± 0.9, 30 days – 1.8 ± 0.5. The patients in the main group had significantly lower VAS after combined blockades (p < 0,05). Discussion The available researches of some methods of injection therapy suggest the strengthening and increase of duration of the analgesic effect when combining some kinds of blockades among themselves. The results of the carried out research show that application of the combined blockades permitted to decrease reliably the level of the residual radicular pain in patients with lumboishyalgia (p < 0,05). Conclusion. The study proves that application of combined blocks in the complex treatment at low efficiency of the standard medical conservative therapy and at absence of indications for surgical treatment allows effectively stopping worsening of radicular pain syndrome in a short time.

Introduction. There are practically no publications on the study of epidemiology of chronic venous diseases (CVD) in residents of the Urals, although the incidence of CVD is one of the significant components in assessing the health of the adult population. The aim of the work is to evaluate the indicators and determine the epidemiological trends of the primary incidence of chronic diseases of the veins of the lower extremities in the population of the Ural Federal District over the past 11 years. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of official statistical data on the morbidity of the adult population of the Ural Federal District (UFD) with varicose veins of the lower extremities (VVLE) was performed with a diagnosis established for the first time in his life for the period from 2010 to 2020. The ranking of all subjects of the Russian Federation as part of the UFD according to the level of primary morbidity was carried out. The statistics of the largest private regional phlebological center are summarized for a comparative assessment of the patients' appeal to the public and private sectors of the health care system of the Sverdlovsk region. For this article, it is postulated that VVLE in statistical reports and CVD are equivalent concepts. Results. Absolute and relative indicators of the primary incidence of VVLE (CVD) of the adult population in the subjects of the UFD have been investigated. A high variability of morbidity rates was revealed depending on the region of the UFD. A sharp decrease in morbidity was recorded in 2020 in relation to the median level of 2010–2019 in the whole of the Russian Federation and the UFD region, as well as in most regions of the district. With a decrease in the level of morbidity registered in public institutions over the years, the number of requests for phlebological care increases in the private healthcare sector. Discussion. The revealed significant regional differences in the figures of the primary incidence of VVLE (CVD) require the introduction of uniform methodological documents for the diagnosis, treatment and registration of patients with CVD. Similar epidemiological trends have been obtained by a number of other researchers, only in relation to other nosologies. Conclusions. The primary morbidity of the population of the Ural Federal District of VVLE (CVD) as a whole is statistically significantly higher than the average in Russia. Morbidity rates in individual subjects of the district have significant differences. The morbidity rates of the adult population should be taken into account when developing territorial programs of state guarantees of providing free medical care to citizens.

Introduction. Estimation of prevalence of hypertension diseases (BHPA) and investigation of their complications allows to judge the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy, the main directions of medical care for patients with BHPA, as well as to identify ways to prevent these diseases. The aim of the work is the study of primary and general morbidity of BCHD, essential hypertension (EH) and hypertensive heart disease (HHD) in the Chelyabinsk region and in the whole Russian Federation as well as the prognosis of the disease development for the nearest perspective. Materials and Methods. The analysis of official statistical data on the morbidity of the Russian population was carried out. Results and Discussion. A rise in the primary morbidity of BCHD has been detected. Forecast for the future indicates that the current trends of BCHD morbidity growth are preserved. At the same time the primary incidence of BCHPA will reach 1,822.5 cases per 100,000 adults by 2025, and the total incidence could be 23,328.3 cases per 100,000 adults in the region. A slower negative dynamics of EG morbidity rates against the background of BCHD morbidity growth in the Chelyabinsk Oblast has been detected. Reliable data on the increase in the primary and total incidence of GBS were calculated. The prognostic calculation of GBS morbidity in the adult population of the Chelyabinsk Oblast up to 2025 also shows unfavorable growth trends. Conclusion. The predicted increase in the incidence of BHPAD, EG and GBS in the Chelyabinsk Oblast reflects the relationship between these morbidity indicators and the need to consider all three indicators.

Introduction. The work is devoted to the estimation of students' opinion on the use in the conditions of the current educational practice of the business game technique modified for the practical training on hospital therapy in full-time form in the premises of the university outside the clinical base that excluded the opportunity to work with real patients. Materials and Methods. Twenty-eight 6-year students of the Faculty of Medicine and Prophylaxis participated in the pilot project on the terms of voluntary consent. The students' opinion about the proposed form of the class was evaluated in an anonymous questionnaire using the Internet platform Google Forms. In the course of the class, each student consistently acted in the role of a patient, a doctor, and an insurance company expert in parsing a clinical situation formed on the basis of the assessment fund and universal instructions for a standard patient. The feedback forms allowed to objectivize the estimations of the necessary competences mastering and to reveal the main problems in mastering of communication skills, examination, medical triage and making of evidence-based clinical decisions, conditioned by the forced transition to the distance learning format, as well as to define the volume and the list of the corrective measures aimed to increase the quality of medical university graduates training. Results and Discussion. Respondents positively evaluated the proposed form of practical training in the inaccessibility of patient contact. However, they noted significant difficulties in performing both the role of a standardized patient and that of a physician or insurance company expert. Conclusion. The urgent pilot testing of the model of full-time practical training based on the "standardized patient" technology and the business game "patient-doctor-expert of an insurance company" allowed the trainees to realize the main problems in mastering the skills of communication, examination, medical triage and making evidence-based clinical decisions caused by the forced transition to a distance learning format. The results obtained will allow us to determine the scope and list of corrective measures aimed at improving the quality of medical university graduates' training.

Introduction. Cat scratch disease is a common infectious disease caused by intracellular microorganisms Bartonella henselae, which are widespread among wild and domestic animals. The aim of study was to demonstrate a rare clinical case of chorioretinitis against the background of a 10-year-old child’s bartonellosis. Materials and methods. A 10-year-old child received with complaints about a significant decrease of vision and lowering of the upper eyelid of the left eye. The disease began with increase in temperature to 37.5 °C, abdominal pain. Three days later, these ophthalmic complaints appeared. After examining a paediatric ophthalmologist, neurologist and conducting an additional instrumental survey, the patient was hospitalised in an ophthalmological hospital. When acuity of vision of the left eye was 0.02 n/a, the upper eyelid was lowered. On the fundus there was a pronounced extensive edema of the optic nerve disc (OND) with prominance, from OND to the macular zone there was an extensive high retinal swelling. The department conducted a standard clinical examination, blood test for chronic infections, examination of visual evoked potentials and other instrumental examinations. From the first day, local and general antibacterial and anti-inflammatory treatment was carried out. Results and Discussion. Positive dynamics has been observed since the fourth day of treatment, but the visual acuity of the left eye has not improved. On the eighth day, the patient was discharged for subsequent hospitalisation at the Federal State Budgetary Institution NMRC of Eye Diseases named after Helmholtz, in which he was examined for bartonellosis and identified IgG to Bartonella henselae 1:160. Final clinical diagnosed: Left eye neuroretinitis associated with bartonellosis. On the fourteenth day after treatment, the patient was discharged - the left eye was almost calm, visual acuity was 0.06. In this clinical case, a rare manifestation of cat scratches disease is described. Due to the late visit to an ophthalmologist and the late start of medical treatment, it was not possible to fully restore the vision of the left eye. Conclusion. In most cases, it takes a lot of time to make a diagnosis, and specific treatment begins late, in connection with which it is necessary to draw attention to this problem of doctors of different directions. It should also be remembered that any atypical manifestation of the disease serves as a reason to exclude rickettsiosis, including bartonellosis.

Introduction. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is one of the leading causes of nonarteritic anterior ischemic opticoneuropathy (AION) in young patients. Ocular pathology, often being the earliest and the only manifestation of APS, explains possible difficulties in diagnosis of this thrombophilic condition. Objective – to present a clinical case of bilateral anterior ischemic opticoneuropathy against the background of newly diagnosed antiphospholipid syndrome in a young patient. Materials and Methods. At admission, the patient, born in 1988, was diagnosed with bilateral acute ischemic nonarteritic ION on the basis of visual acuity decrease to 0,7, narrowing of peripheral borders of visual fields concentrically by 10–15°, optic disc edema (ODE) of both eyes and macular edema of the right eye according to ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Laboratory examination revealed thrombocytopenia, antibodies to DNA and cardiolipin in elevated titer, which allowed the diagnosis of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Local anticoagulant and anticoagulant therapy, systemic administration of antioxidants, antiaggregants, vitamins, as well as preparations, improving microcirculation, were carried out. Results and Discussion. Against the background of treatment visual function restored to 1.0 in the right eye and 0.9 in the left eye, residual ODE edema was diagnosed in both eyes in the upper nasal sector. At follow-up in 2.5 months the morphological parameters of the retina and optic nerve were restored. Conclusion. Thromboocclusive lesions of retinal and optic nerve vessels are an early and sometimes the only manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome. Their presence in young patients requires clinical and laboratory follow-up examination for timely diagnosis of concomitant thrombophilic condition. High risk of recurrent thrombosis of different localization makes it necessary to take antiplatelet agents for a long time.

Introduction. The problem of neonatal thrombosis is becoming increasingly urgent in clinical practice due to its importance in the development of a complicated course of the neonatal period in children with hereditary and acquired thrombogenic risk factors. The aim of the investigation is to present a clinical case of multiple thromboses in a premature newborn infant with congenital heart disease on the background of multigenic thrombophilia, complicated by neonatal sepsis. Materials and methods. Materials for the investigation were the primary medical records: history of the newborn, medical history of the patient-newborn child with the established diagnosis of great-vessel thrombosis, with the congenital heart disease and the presence of genetic thrombophilia, who was under observation for 2 months. The findings of objective, laboratory (clinical blood tests, investigation of hemostasis parameters, homocysteine concentration, molecular-genetic study of hemostasis enzymes genes, folate cycle enzymes genes) and instrumental (CT angiography, ultrasonic examination of abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal organs, ECHO cardiography, ultrasonic Dopplerography) research methods were evaluated. Results and Discussion. In the clinical observation under consideration, there was a burdened molecular genetic background consisting of carriage of plasminogen activator inhibitor gene polymorphisms and folate cycle enzyme genes: MTHFR 677 – C/T, MTHFR 2756 – A/G, MTRR 66 – G/G, and hyperhomocysteinemia were the factors responsible for multiple thrombosis in a patient born with critical congenital heart disease (CHD), contributed to generalization of the infection process with the development of multiple organ failure, and exacerbated the postoperative period after correction of heart disease. Conclusion. The clinical case demonstrates the development of multiple thrombosis and septic process in a child born with CHD. The results of molecular genetic study proved the presence of hereditary thrombophilia in the child, which was a predictor of thrombosis development and probably a risk factor aggravating the severity of generalized infectious process, which complicated pre- and postoperative periods of the main disease, CHD.

Introduction. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a disease of the glomeruli that occurs in childhood with a frequency of 12–16 per 100,000. More than 85 % children with NS respond to corticosteroid therapy, approximately 10–15 % remain refractory or later become resistant to them. In 10–30 % of patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), mutations in the structural genes of podocytes, modifier genes were found, there is also evidence of the formation of circulating antibodies to the structure of podocytes, the influence of environmental factors. Difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of SRNS are determined by its heterogeneous etiology, the frequent absence of remission with the development of multidrug resistance and the progression of the disease with the formation of end-stage chronic renal failure and the return of NS after kidney transplantation. The aim of the study is to present a clinical case of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with the c.1280_1285delCACCCC mutation in the INF2 gene, localized on chromosome 14 in a 15-year-old child. Materials and methods. An analysis of clinical and anamnestic data was used - primary medical documentation (medical history), the results of an objective examination with examination, analysis of laboratory, instrumental diagnostic and molecular genetic methods for studying a child with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Results and Discussion. The presented clinical case demonstrates the development in a child of SRNS with FSGS associated with a mutation in the structural podocyte gene INF2, which was also detected in a close relative. The course of the disease was characterized by multiple drug resistance. Conclusion. The presented clinical case of the development of FSGS in a child with SRNS demonstrates the importance of morphological verification of the disease in a child, conducting a molecular genetic study not only of the patient himself, but also of his parents to predict the risks of kidney transplantation, the return of NS in the recipient and donor.

Introduction. Noroviruses are a common cause of acute gastroenteritis with significant public health burden, including outbreaks in health facilities, closed and semi-closed settings. This study aims to present a global overview and trends in noroviral epidemiology and highlights the important biological properties of norovirus. Materials and methods. The bibliographic databases (PubMed and Russian Science Citation Index) were searched based on the keyword “norovirus” (in English and Russian languages respectively) without restrictions and 338 papers were retrieved. Results and Discussion. Human noroviruses are highly genetically diverse and evolve rapidly, evading the host's immune response. In addition to being highly contagious, the lack of a robust cell culture system complicates vaccine development for noroviral infection prevention. This highlights the importance of surveillance and infection control measures, for efficient use of available healthcare resources for maximizing health benefits. Common preventive measures include providing the public with safe water and food (i.e. decontamination), improvement of hand hygiene, early detection, and isolation of infected individuals. Current surveillance techniques include sentinel surveillance, molecular surveillance, disease modeling, and prediction. Further investigations in the field of norovirus prevention and control and its economics are needed, since some studies demonstrate inconsistent results (i.e. effectiveness of hand sanitizers). Conclusion. Noroviral infections represent a significant public health burden and current surveillance techniques require further improvement in terms of sensitivity and accuracy. There is a need to push research in the field of prevention and control measures (safety of water and food supply, early isolation of infected patients, sufficient hand hygiene) and their effectiveness.