Relevance. Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is the leading cause of respiratory distress in the early neonatal period. Although lung ultrasound is widely used in TTN, the effect of body position on detecting the “double lung point” (DLР) pattern remains insufficiently studied.

Purpose — to evaluate the dynamics of the DLР pattern in newborns with TTN when changing body position.

Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted. Newborns with a gestational age of ≥35⁰ weeks, respiratory failure in the first 4 hours of life, and the need for CPAP therapy or mechanical ventilation were included. Lung ultrasound was performed twice: in the supine position (ultrasound-1) and 1 hour after the infant was placed in the prone position (ultrasound-2). The LUS score and DLР pattern recording were used. The primary endpoint was the change in the DLР detection rate and the dynamics of the LUS score. The study duration was from April to May 2025.

Results. The LBD pattern was detected in 85.7 % of patients with TTN. Over time, ultrasound-2 imaging showed a decrease in the lung ultrasound score across all examined areas (p < 0.001), as well as a decrease in the detection rate of DLР from 100 % to 76.7 % (p = 0.016). In all cases, while DLР persisted on ultrasound-2 imaging, a pattern inversion was observed, dependent on the infant’s body position.

Conclusion. Body position significantly influences lung ultrasound findings in TTN. These results emphasize the importance of considering patient positioning when performing lung ultrasound, highlighting the need for standardized protocols to improve diagnostic accuracy and optimization of respiratory therapy.

Introduction. Despite the significant impact of diabetes mellitus on the development and more severe course of the tuberculosis process, there are currently other significant risk factors that receive insufficient attention.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the presence of significant risk factors and social status characteristics among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis combined with diabetes mellitus.

Materials and methods. A total of 322 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were included in the study, which were divided into 2 groups: 1 — combination with diabetes mellitus (n = 173); 2 — without diabetes mellitus (n = 149).

Results. Thus, it was found that among patients with diabetes, pensioners are more likely to be sick, as well as those who have a permanent job, whereas the unemployed predominate in the group without diabetes. When studying other significant risk factors, it was noted that alcohol abuse and withdrawal from treatment are significantly more common among patients with tuberculosis in combination with diabetes mellitus.

Discussion. Thus, it is worth noting that tuberculosis is more severe in patients with diabetes mellitus, and it should also be noted that patients with diabetes mellitus are highly susceptible to other significant risk factors.

Conclusion. Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for the development and more severe course of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, other risk factors are currently receiving insufficient attention. In addition, the risk of developing and the course of tuberculosis may be influenced by the characteristics of social status, which differ between patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with and without diabetes mellitus.

Objective is to characterize the epidemiological and clinical-diagnostic features of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the context of HIV coinfection in real-world clinical practice.

Materials and methods. A single-center cross-sectional study was conducted at the Republican Center for AIDS and Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control in Kazan. Medical records of 117 patients with HIV infection and HBV markers who were under observation from 2021 to 2023 were analyzed. Laboratory findings and data from epidemiological investigation forms were reviewed. Categorical variables are presented as absolute values and percentages.

Results and discussion. HBsAg was detected in 95 (81.20 %) patients, while 22 (18.80 %) had only anti-HBc, indicating loss of HBsAg. The majority were male (89 (76.07 %)), with an age of 45 [42; 48] years. Patients aged 40– 49 years accounted for 85/117 (72.65 %). At the time of HIV diagnosis, most patients were at stage IVА (65.72 %) or IVB (23.93 %). The median duration of clinical follow-up was 15 [10; 22] years, and median antiretroviral therapy (ART) duration was 8 [5; 12] years (one patient had not received ART). Injection drug use was the main transmission route (68 (58.12 %)). Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 85 (72.65 %) patients, and HDV markers were found in 7 (5.98 %) cases.

Conclusion. The findings highlight the need for long-term monitoring of HIV-СHB coinfected patients. Comprehensive diagnostic approaches and individualized ART regimens are recommended to reduce the risk of HBV reactivation and disease progression.

Introduction. Forensic examinations of living persons in cases of sexual violence hold significant importance in forensic medical practice. During the 1930s–1940s, forensic gynecological examinations were governed by regulations, while Soviet criminal law prescribed severe punishments for sexual crimes, particularly those involving minors.

Objective is to examine the history of forensic gynecological examinations in Sverdlovsk during 1941–1944.

Materials and methods. The study utilized unpublished forensic medical reports and archival documents from the Department of Forensic Medicine at Sverdlovsk State Medical Institute (1941–1944). Historical analysis methods were employed, including comparative-historical, chronological approaches and the principle of objectivity.

Results and discussion. From 1941–1944, 205 forensic gynecological examinations were performed (15.65 % of total forensic outpatient visits). No suspect examinations were conducted before 1944. The lowest number of cases occurred in 1943, with most crimes committed by adolescents against underage girls and young women aged 14–18. Examination numbers declined from late 1941 through 1944, followed by a sharp increase in group offenses. Injury documentation was often insufficient, permitting only confirmation of trauma without precise determination of timing or mechanism.

Conclusion. A high proportion of sexual crimes involved adolescent perpetrators and underage victims. The 1944 surge in group offenses reflected wartime conditions: evacuation, overcrowding, and inadequate supervision. Educational initiatives in schools, factories, and vocational institutions (1944–1945), combined with stricter penalties, contributed to reducing such crimes.

Introduction. The mechanisms of interaction between lung cancer and tuberculosis (TB) are not fully understood.

The aim of the study is to study the effect of pulmonary tuberculosis on the lung cancer.

Materials and methods. The study utilized a model (Patent RU 2800964 C1) of isolated Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and generalized TB (H37Rv and 5582 strains) in C57BL/6 mice. Five groups of laboratory animals were formed: isolated tuberculosis (different M. tuberculosis susceptibility), isolated LLC, and 2 groups with combined pathology. An immunohistochemical analysis for TNF-α, PCNA, and MMP-9 was completed.

Results. The relative expression of MMP-9 in the groups with combined pathology was significantly lower than in the isolated tumor group: LLC + H37Rv — 2.60; LLC + 5582–3.00; LLC — 8.90 (p = 0.043). The relative expression of TNF-α showed no statistically significant differences between the combined pathology groups and the isolated tumor group: LLC + H37Rv — 1.35; LLC + 5582–3.70; LLC — 1.70. A statistically significant increase in TNF-α expression was observed in mice infected with the drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain (5582). The relative expression of PCNA was significantly lower in the combined pathology groups compared to the isolated tumor group: LLC + H37Rv — 8.50; LLC + 5582 — 14.30; LLC — 36.45 (p = 0.012).

Discussion. Data demonstrated that TB led to the suppression of tumor-induced MMP-9 expression, reduction in PCNA expression. This may indicate the suppression of metastasisе, cell proliferation. The TNF-α expression level didn`t differ significantly between the groups.

Conclusion. The obtained data may suggest an oncosuppressive effect of tuberculosis on the lung tumors.

Introduction. Organ-preserving modalities are the current standard of care in the management of choroidal melanoma (CM), with radiation therapy playing a pivotal role. Despite its high efficacy, radiation exposure is associated with a broad spectrum of post-radiation complications, which may compromise treatment outcomes and, in some cases, necessitate secondary enucleation.

The objective of the work is to summarize current evidence on the use of radiation therapy in CM, analyze the range and incidence of post-radiation complications, identify associated risk factors, and evaluate strategies for prevention and management depending on the treatment modality.

Materials and methods. A literature search and analysis of scientific publications in Russian and English was conducted using relevant keywords. Inclusion criteria: original studies (randomized and non-randomized clinical trials), reviews (meta-analyses and systematic reviews) relevant to the topic.

Results and discussion. This review encompasses modern methods of radiation therapy for CM, including brachytherapy, proton beam therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery, with attention to their indications and clinical efficacy. The types, frequency, and specific features of post-radiation complications are analyzed, including damage to the eyelid and periocular skin, cornea, lens, macula, optic nerve, secondary glaucoma, among others. Risk factors for such complications are discussed, along with available preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Conclusion. Although different radiation modalities for CM share a similar spectrum of complications, their frequency and predominance vary considerably depending on the chosen technique. Most complications are manageable; however, neovascular glaucoma, scleromalacia, and persistent trophic corneal ulcers may require secondary enucleation. These outcomes highlight the need for improved prevention, early detection of complications, and clear patient selection criteria for organ-preserving treatment of choroidal melanoma.

Introduction. At the current stage of medical development, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a pathology with a high mortality rate and disability of premature newborns. Therefore, the identification of risk factors for the development of IVH, the development of therapeutic and preventive measures is an important medical and socio-economic task.

Objective — analysis and generalization of new scientific data on risk factors, pathogenesis and prevention of IVH in newborns.

Materials and methods. A search and analysis of scientific papers was performed using the databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, RSCI. The selection of articles was carried out using the terms: intraventricular hemorrhage, premature newborns, risk factors, pathogenesis, prevention. The review includes 78 sources published from 2014 to 2025. Results and discussion. The article presents data on the etiological and pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of IVH in newborns. The consequences of IVH determine the need to develop effective prevention of this pathology in order to reduce morbidity and prevent complications.

Conclusion. IVH is a condition that has arisen due to the structural features of the germ matrix in newborns. This is a disease, the risk factors for which are: intrauterine infections, placental abruption, prolonged labor, concomitant diseases of newborns. A multidisciplinary approach is important in prevention. Prevention should be aimed at reducing the number of premature births, the use of glucocorticosteroids during pregnancy. Timely surgical delivery is important to prevent asphyxia. After the birth of a child, it is necessary to follow a medical regime and adequately prescribe respiratory support and medications.

Introduction. The analysis of the historical development of legal regulation and the methodological approach to examining a corpse at the scene by a forensic medical expert in various historical periods of Russia is carried out. The first official documented examination by a doctor dates back to the second half of the 16^th century. Subsequently, both persons without special education and doctors were involved in examinations. In tsarist Russia, it was mandatory to examine the bodies of those who died from violent causes and infectious diseases in order to prevent their spread. Since the 18^th century, doctors have participated in corpse examinations at crime scenes. In the 19^th century, a scientific foundation for this work was established, as set forth by I.V. Buyalsky. After the 1917 Revolution, Russia established its forensic medical service, and early Soviet experts gained partial investigative authority. Based on the results of the historical analysis, measures have been proposed to improve the examination of the corpse by a forensic medical expert at the scene.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the historical development of the legal regulation of the examination of a corpse at the scene.

Materials and methods. Analysis of legislation, historical documents, comparative analysis of cadaver examination practices in Russia and systematization of scientific publications published in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science for 2015–2024 (there are less than 5 % of sources for 2008–2014).

Introduction. Synthesized in the 1950s, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a highly effective hepatoprotective drug. UDCA is well known for its pleiotropic properties with litholytic, hypocholestatic, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic and other effects.

The purpose of the work is to discuss the pharmacological effects of UDCA and its clinical use in the most common liver and gallbladder diseases.

Materials and methods. This is a narrative review of the most relevant national and foreign publications focused on UDCA. The literature search was performed in PubMed, eLibrary.ru and printed sources from 1981 to 2025.

Results and discussion. Multitarget prophylactic and therapeutic action of UDCA includes hepatoprotective effect in viral and alcoholic hepatitis, improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters in cholestasis, a decrease in cholesterol levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a litholytic effect in biliary sludge and cholelithiasis, and a potential ability to prevent cancer of the liver and the entire digestive tract.

Conclusion. UDCA has a broad spectrum of the beneficial effects in hepatobiliary and concomitant cardiometabolic pathology. Multitarget action together with high safety profile allow the drug to be widely used in the treatment of comorbid gastroenterological patients.

Introduction. Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death in the world. The main types of NCDs are: vascular pathology (heart attacks and strokes), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma) and diabetes. Health behavior that causes anxiety is characterized by unbalanced nutrition, insufficient sleep, lack of physical activity and psychological stress, the vulnerable group is adolescents.

Objective is to summarize the ideas about the health risk factors of children and adolescents, show the influence of these factors on the development of NCDs in adulthood.

Materials and methods. The literature search for the review was conducted in December 2024, using electronic databases PubMed, eLibrary.ru, using keywords related to NCDs and risk factors.

Results and discussion. The priority behavioral risk factors for NCDs in adolescents are excessive screen time (ST), sedentary lifestyle, excessive consumption of carbohydrates, smoking and alcohol consumption. In contrast, protective factors for NCDs are measured and regular physical activity, a diet rich in dietary fiber and limited in added sugar, compliance with ST recommendations and the absence of bad habits. Adolescence is characterized by biopsychosocial changes, when opportunities for health are high and future models of healthy adults are established. Numerous studies on excess body weight confirm association with health behavior in schoolchildren. In this article, the authors summarized the concepts of risk factors for adolescent health, the impact of these factors on the development of NCDs in the future, as this information can be useful for developing strategies for the prevention of NCDs in adolescents.

Introduction. Childhood obesity remains one of the most pressing medical and social challenges, associated with a high risk of metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Despite the common basic principles of diet therapy, approaches to regulating energy intake and dietary structure vary significantly between countries.

Objective is to conduct a comparative analysis of current approaches to dietary therapy for childhood obesity in Russia and China, to identify conceptual differences, evaluate their effectiveness, and determine prospects for unification.

Materials and methods. A targeted literature review was performed using the databases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, eLibrary.ru, and CNKI for the period 2017–2025, following the PRISMA 2020 methodology. A total of 46 publications were included in the analysis, comprising national clinical guidelines, expert consensus statements, systematic reviews, and original studies.

Results. According to Russian clinical guidelines, diet therapy is based on a normocaloric diet aimed at physiological normalization of nutrition and maintenance of growth rates. The Chinese model emphasizes controlled reduction of dietary energy density with active participation of families and schools. Both models acknowledge the importance of a multicomponent and behavioral approach, but differ in organizational structure and level of energy intake restriction.

Conclusion. The optimal degree of energy restriction in childhood obesity remains insufficiently studied. To improve the effectiveness and safety of dietary interventions, multicenter studies and standardization of evaluation criteria are required.